However, practical model deployment often operates in the gap between these two limit cases, as real-world applications demand adaptation to specific subdomains, tasks or concepts -- spread over the entire, varying life cycle of a model.

Recent studies show that adversarial attacks disproportionately impact the patterns within the phase of the sample's frequency spectrum--typically containing

In the visual spatial understanding (VSU) area, spatial image-to-text (SI2T) and spatial text-to-image (ST2I) are two fundamental tasks that appear in dual form. Existing methods for standalone SI2T or ST2I perform imperfectly in spatial understanding, due to the difficulty of 3D-wise spatial feature modeling.

Considering different geographic regions generally have their own native sign languages, it is valuable to establish corresponding SL T datasets to support related communication and research. Auslan, as a sign language specific to Australia, still lacks a dedicated large-scale dataset for SL T.